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前后左右

[日期: 2007-09-11]   [字体: ]

作者:杨秉政

说“前”

    “前”和“钱”同音不同字。明白这两个字,终其一生,无怨无悔whole life without sorrow;虽不能流芳百世leaving a good name forever,绝不要遗臭万年going down in history。“一切向钱看”,翻译成putting money before everything很传神。钱是好东西;有钱好办事,钱多办大事,没钱难成事Money is a good thing. If you have money, you can do a thing; if you have a lot of money, you can do a lot of things; if you have no money, you can do nothing。然而,君子取财,取之有道Loving money is human, but it must be earned in a right way

    钱有铜臭,笔者不屑一谈;因为喜欢“前”。身处深圳,爱上深圳,因为深圳“敢为人先”good at practice。深圳爱惜人才,是个“前箸”(筹划良谋)城市a city creating everything ahead

    前车之鉴lessons drawn from others mistakes 是我们任何时候都值得提倡的。前面出了事故An accident takes place ahead,还要继续前行driving forwards as before, 难免追尾kissing the other car back。“前席”不是靠前的座位,而是“凑近”more nearly, attentively。比如某人神聊,使你身不由己,向前靠近,凝神谛听,这就是“前席”某人。

    前赴后继advance wave upon wave 和前仆后继No sooner has one fallen than another steps into the breach,笔者两者都喜欢。喜欢前者,“江山代有人才出”A good country gives birth of talents,“不废江河万古流”A rich river flows long and long;喜欢后者,前人种树,后人乘凉Trees grown by predecessors shade descendants。人的一生,力所能及,多做善事trying his best to do something good to the society whole life time

    瞻前顾后peer ahead and look behind,这是做人的基本功。前进到何处,后退到何地,随时随地都要考虑。人无远谋,必有近忧。Badness is in front of you without forehead thinking

说“后”

   “后”不可小觑。夏朝君主活着时叫“后”,去世以后叫“帝”;商朝君主活着时叫“王”,去世以后叫“帝”,“后”成了君主配偶的称号empress, queen

   “后”是个常用字,如后爹stepfather,后盾backing,后进less advanced,后劲delayed effect,后门backdoor,后年the year after next,后娘stepmother,后怕fear after the event,后勤logistics,后事what happened afterwardsfuneral affairs,后台backing,后天day after tomorrow,博士后postdoctoral;后座议员backbencher。“后”字的翻译,离不开对汉语语义的理解。

   “后”字组成的成语不少,如步人后尘follow in sb.’s footsteps;后发制人gain mastery by striking only after the enemy has struck;后顾之忧fear of disturbance in the rear;后患无穷no end of trouble for the future;后会有期meet again some day;后悔莫及too late to repent;后来居上the latecomers surpass the old-times;走后门get sth. done through pull;后起之秀an up-and-coming youngster;后生可畏the younger generation will surpass the older;前事不忘,后事之师Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future

   “前”和“后”英语有多种表达。一般说来,反义词成对,如before—after, in front of—behind, rear—front。这就要求翻译者体察语义,做出正确选择。

说“左”

    古人以右为尊,以左为卑。这同英语、俄语中左、右的含义不谋而合。在英语人家做客,男主人的右边座位right hand seat专为女贵宾而设。英语词right,除了表示方位“右”,尚含有“正确”、“权利”的意思;Have two left feet意思是“非常笨脚”。俄语词левый含有“非法、损公肥私”的意思。

    1960年代的文化革命中,革命左派“响当当、硬邦邦”,坏事做绝,天怒人怨。在汉语里,左是个坏字眼。“迁”是升官,“左迁”转而成为“降职”demote。左传、左降也是降职。“左道”是指邪门歪道,crooked ways;相左指意见相反hold different views

    唯一以左为尊的场合是在乘车上。人的右手灵活,车夫当然多用右手驾驭车辆。尊贵的客人如果坐在右边,多有不便,所以安排坐在左边。成语“虚左以待”left seat free of waiting 就是说左面座位空着,等待客人光临就座。

    左、右有一连串成语,如左道旁门hetorodoxy;左顾右盼glace about;左右逢源gain advantage from both sides;左右开弓use first one hand and then the other in quick succession;左膀右臂valuable assistant;左思右想thinkover and over again;左右提挈helpeach other;左右为难ina dilemmabe anable to cope with a situation

    左丘是复姓。

    从以上例子可以看出,遇到“左”,要明白师表方位,还是另有含义。夺取查阅词书,才不至于“表错情”、出乖露丑、闹出翻译笑话。

说“右”

    陆地滨临江河的边缘称为“岸”。面向下流,左边的为左岸,右边的为右岸。古人习惯以右为尊,表示高贵、重要时,常常在名词前冠以“右”字,如“右姓”、“右族”(世家大族)aristocratic familyold and well-known family;“右职”(重要职务)an important post

    “右”还可以作动词用,“右文”是崇尚文治advocategovernmentpromotionofliteratureandthearts,“右武”是崇尚武功advocatemilitaryaccomplishments。“右”表示亲近和赞助,“右秦左魏”就是“助秦疏魏”的意思help Qin but drift apart Wei

    秦代已有户口编制,“以富强为右,贫弱为左”The rich is on the right side while the poor on left of the inner lane。“纴”是衣襟。古代的中原人,前襟向右开,称为右衽。中原以外的少数民族,衣襟向左开,称为左衽。在诗文中,左衽作为受异族统治的代称。

    1957年反右斗争,“焚书坑儒”burning of boks and burying Confucianists alive in ravine,无数知识分子,被错划为“右派”Rightists。在中国,一度曾有9类坏人,地、富、反、坏、右、叛徒、特务、走资派,知识分子排行第9。直到80年代,才出现了“知识就是生产力”,臭老九the strong-smeling 9的帽子才得以摘除,知识分子从此扬眉吐气。

                                    



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