The youth, known today only as Swartboy, took the stone to a local man,
who was known to like colorful rocks, in hopes of exchanging it for a night's
lodging. Schalk van Niekerk, so the story goes, astonished Swartboy when
he offered to trade all of his livestock, including 500 sheep, 10 cows
and a horse, for the stone.
It wasn't the first diamond discovered in southern Africa, but at that
point it was the most spectacular, an 83.5-carat gem that Van Niekerk sold
for a small fortune, setting off a frantic and ruthless quest for riches.
All these years later, scientists still puzzle over forces buried in the
Earth that shaped those diamonds, because those same forces also built
a continent. As a result, teams of scientists are now wrapping up an ambitious,
interdisciplinary study of the same region where Swartboy found that nifty
rock.
Reading Earth's Surface
The research isn't focused on diamonds, but diamonds play a role, and it's
possible that the high tech equipment used to probe the region more than
150 miles below the Earth's surface may also help modern fortune hunters
find new sources of diamonds. But that's not what the scientists set out
to do.
"The scientific goal was to try and understand how continents form on Earth,"
says Richard W. Carlson of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department
of Terrestrial Magnetism, principal investigator on the multinational project.
The research has been underway in southern Africa for four years now, and
it probably wouldn't have happened there had it not been for the diamonds.
For more than a century now the Earth's crust has been probed, mined and
gutted in that area in the relentless search for diamonds. Part of the
legacy of that quest is a massive amount of geological data about the region,
and the mysterious geological structures that brought the diamonds to the
surface in the first place.
So in 1996 Carlson and colleagues at Carnegie and the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology proposed a major study of southern Africa to see what they
could learn about the forces that built continents, as well as diamonds.
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the field
work has been completed. Preliminary findings were published in the July
1 issue of Geophysical Research Letters, but it will take years for the
scientists to analyze all their data.
This is a difficult area for scientists to study, because they can't put
their instruments 150 miles below the ground, so they are left with indirect
ways of studying it, such as rocks heaved to the surface during a violent
eruption long, long ago. But there is one tool that lends itself well to
determining what lies so far beneath the surface — earthquakes.
When a fault moves, it sends out seismic shock waves that travel clear
through the Earth. By measuring the time it takes those waves to travel
through certain areas, scientists are able to create images through a process
known as "seismic tomography," which is actually quite similar to CAT scans
used in medical imaging.
But since seismic stations are normally spread all over the planet, usually
at great distances from each other, the images are very low in resolution,
offering researchers the big picture, but few details.
The Planet, in 3-D
So the scientists took 82 seismometers with them and placed them about
60 miles apart across Zimbabwe, Botswana and the country of South Africa.
The seismometers recorded shockwaves from more than 200 earthquakes during
the four-year period, mostly from the far-off Himalayan and Andean mountain
ranges.
That data is being used to create a three dimensional image of the region
of the Earth where the diamonds formed, and where the life of the continent
actually began, according to seismologist Matt Fouch, assistant professor
of geology at Arizona State University, a member of the research team.
"This is one of the oldest parts of the Earth, in terms of the age of the
rocks," Fouch says. Some of the rocks, he says, are about 3.6 billion years
old. That makes them younger than the planet's oldest rocks, found in Australia
and Canada, but still quite old.
What's really intriguing to scientists is not just that the rocks are so
old, but the fact that they were thrust to the surface through a violent
event that, coincidentally, also brought diamonds to the surface. The high
resolution images produced by the seismic network tell part of that story.
Diamond Pipes
Diamonds are crystals of pure carbon and they form in the Earth's upper
mantle, the region of rock that lies just below the outer crust. This is
an area of immense pressure, at least 840,000 pounds per square inch, Carlson
says. The diamonds, as well as other mantle rocks, jetted to the surface
during an astonishing event. Magma known as kimberlite flowed up through
weaknesses in the crust, forming "diamond pipes" which were later mined
for the precious stones.
Normally, magma flows pretty slowly, but some scientists think that in
this case, it was remarkably fast, possibly even supersonic in speed.
We know that, Carlson says, because in addition to diamonds the magma carried
other stones to the surface. Early geologists recognized the greenish stones
as unusual, although they had no way of knowing what they were, and preserved
them. That's fortunate, because the stones are pure mantle rocks from beneath
the Earth's crust, and they offer Carlson and his team a chance to study
their chemical composition and geological structure in an effort to reconstruct
events of so long ago.
The rocks, Carlson says, would not have survived the trip to the surface
had the magma moved slowly. The mantle rocks are so heavy they would have
simply sank down as the magma moved up the pipes. So the magma was moving
so rapidly the heavy rocks were swept up like grains of sand in a raging
river, moving to the surface in a matter of hours, or possibly days.
With the rocks came the diamonds. For centuries millions of diamonds lay
undisturbed on the ground. Some were picked up by river waters and carried
miles away, even into the Atlantic Ocean.
And then one day Swartboy found his stone, and all hell broke lose. Thousands
of fortune seekers flooded southern Africa, combing through the sands for
tiny rocks that could make them wealthy beyond their dreams.
What they didn't know was where the diamonds came from, and how they got
there. That's a story scientists are still piecing together.
mp;nbsp;
simply sank down as the magma moved up the pipes. So the magma was moving
so rapidly the heavy rocks were swept up like grains of sand in a raging
river, moving to the surface in a matter of hours, or possibly days.
With the rocks came the diamonds. For centuries millions of diamonds lay
undisturbed on the ground. Some were picked up by river waters and carried
miles away, even into the Atlantic Ocean.
And then one day Swartboy found his stone, and all hell broke lose. Thousands
of fortune seekers flooded&am
